简介
秦始皇兵马俑博物馆是中国最大的古代军事博物馆。它显示出了古长安当年的繁华和强盛。1961年，中华人民共和国国务院将秦始皇陵定为全国文物重点保护单位。对秦始皇陵园第一次全面的考古勘察始于。1962年，考古人员绘制出了陵园第一张平面布局图，经探测，陵园范围有56.25平方公里，相当于近78个故宫，引起考古界轰动。1987年，秦始皇陵及兵马俑坑被联合国教科文组织批准列入《世界遗产名录》，1978年9月，法国前总理希拉克参观后感慨地说：“世界上有七大奇迹，秦兵马俑的发现可以说是八大奇迹了。不看金字塔，不算真正到过埃及；不看秦俑，不算真正到过中国。”于是，“世界第八大奇迹”的说法不胫而走。
陶俑大小
在出土的大批兵马俑中，武士佣一般高度在1.8米左右，将军俑则高1.96米。陶马也高约1.7米，其形体的大小高矮均不让真人真马。西汉以后的明（冥）器陶俑，其高大程度均在秦俑以下。排列方法
秦始皇兵马俑陪葬坑坐西向东。三坑呈品字形排列。最早发现的是一号俑坑，呈长方形，东西长230米，南北宽62米，深约5米，总面积14260平方米，四面有斜坡门道，左右两侧又各有一个兵马俑坑，现称二号坑和三号坑。 秦始皇兵马俑陪葬坑，是世界最大的地下军事博物馆。俑坑布局合理，结构奇特，在深5米左右的坑底，每隔3米架起一道东西向的承重墙，兵马俑排列在墙间空档的过洞中。一号坑
一号坑最大，坑深5米，面积14260平方米，坑内有6000余陶人、陶马，井然有序地排列成环形方阵。坑东端有三列横排武士俑，手执弓弩类远射兵器，似为前锋部队，其后是6000铠甲俑组成的主体部队，手执矛、戈戟等长兵器，同35乘驷马战车在11个过洞里排列成38路纵队。南北两翼的后卫部队。 在一号坑中已发掘出武士俑500余件，战车6乘，驾车马24匹，还有青铜剑、吴钩、 矛、箭、弩机、铜戟等实战用的青铜兵器和铁器。俑坑东端有210个与人等高的陶武士俑，面部神态、服式、发型各不相同，个个栩栩如生，形态逼真，排成三列 横队，每列70人，其中除3个领队身着销甲外，其余均穿短褐，腿扎裹腿，线履系带，免盔束发，挽弓挎箭，手执弩机，似待命出发的前锋部队。其后，是 6000个铠甲俑组成的主体部队，个个手执3米左右长矛、戈、戟等长兵器，同35乘驷马战车间隔在11条东西向的过洞里，排成38路纵队。南北两侧和两 端，各有一列武士俑，似为卫队，以防侧尾受袭。这支队伍阵容齐整，装备完备，威风凛凛，气壮山河，是秦始皇当年浩荡大军的艺术再现，具有强烈的艺术感染力。2009年6月13日，秦始皇陵兵马俑一号坑再次开掘，之后在一号坑北部中段，又出土了彩俑。二号坑
二号坑位于一号坑的东北侧和三号坑的东侧，呈曲尺形方阵，东西长96米，南北宽为84米，总面积约为6000平方米。坑内建筑与一号坑相同，但布阵更为 复杂，兵种更为齐全，是3个坑中最为壮观的军阵。二号坑建有1.7万平方米的陈列大厅，是目前我国规模最大、功能最齐全的现代化遗址陈列厅。秦兵马俑博物 馆官长袁仲一解 释说：“一来，为的是更好地保护文物，二来，因为把整个军阵全部清出地面，起码需要5~7年的功夫。这样做的好处是游客既可以参观到二号坑局部的风采，有 可以亲眼看到二号坑的挖掘工作” 二号兵马俑坑平面呈曲尺形，面积6000平方米，是一坐西朝东，由骑兵、步兵、弩兵和战车混合编组的大型军阵。大致可分为弩兵俑方阵，驷马战车方阵，车 步、骑兵俑混合长方阵，骑兵俑方阵四个相对独立的单元。共有陶俑陶马1300余件，战车80多辆，并有大量金属兵器。 据初步推算，二号坑有陶俑陶马1300多件，战车80余辆，青铜兵器数万件，其中将军俑、鞍马俑、跪姿射俑为首次发现。二号坑东、西两端各有4个斜坡门道，北边有2个斜坡门道，俑坑坐西面东，正门在东边。坑内布局分为4个单元。 第一单元，位于俑坑东端，四周长廊有立式弩兵俑60个，阵心由八路面东的160个蹲跪式弩兵俑组成。弩兵采取阵中张阵的编列，立、跪起伏轮番射击，以弥弩张缓慢之虞。 第二个单元，位于俑坑的右侧，由64乘战车组成方阵（车系木质，仅留遗迹）。每列8乘，共有8列。车前驾有真马大小的陶马4匹。每车后一字排列兵俑3个，中为御手拉马辔，另两个分别立于车左和车右，手持长柄兵器。 第三单元，位于中部，由19辆战车，264个步兵俑和8个骑士俑组成长方形阵，共分3列。每匹马前立骑士俑一个，一手牵马缰，一手作拉弓状。每乘车后除三名车士外，还配有8~36个步兵俑。 第四单元，位于军阵左侧，108个骑士俑和180匹陶鞍马俑排成11列横队，组成长方形骑兵阵。其中第1、3列为战车6辆。每匹马前，立胡服骑士俑一个，右手牵马，左手拉弓。三号坑
三号坑在一号坑西端25米处，平面呈凹字形，面积约524平方米，它与一、二号坑是一个有机的整体，似为统师三军的指挥部，出土68个陶俑和4 马1 车。 三号坑在一号坑西端25米处。门前有一乘战车，内有武士俑68个。从3号坑的布局看，似为总指挥部，统帅左、右、中三军，只是没有建成而已。四号坑
四号坑有坑无俑，只有回填的泥土。 从2个坑的布局和阵法看，二号坑阵式复杂，兵种齐全，是对阵的中坚力量。这种编组方法在兵书上叫作“大阵包小阵，大营包小营，偶落钩连，折曲相对。”《孙膑兵法》说：“在骑与战者，分为三，一在于右，一在于左，易则多其车，险则多其骑，反则广其弩”，三者有机结合，才能百战不殆。二号坑是这位古代军事家的理论图解。其他 世界八大奇迹在全世界有二百多处，都是各国人民对自己国家名胜的自封 林州红旗渠、桂林石林、长城也被认为是世界第八大奇迹！Introduction
[Terracotta Warriors]
Terracotta WarriorsQin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum is China's largest ancient military museum. It shows the ancient and bustling Chang'an year strong. In 1961, the State Council, People's Republic of China will be the mausoleum as a key cultural relics protection units. Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum of the first comprehensive archaeological survey began. In 1962, archaeologists first drawn out of the cemetery layout map, the detection, cemetery scope of 56.25 square kilometers, equivalent to nearly 78 Forbidden City, archaeologists caused a sensation. In 1987, Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors pit approved by the UNESCO listed "World Heritage List," September 1978, former French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac after the visit, said with emotion: "There are seven wonders of the world, the discovery of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses can be said that the eight miracle. do not look at the pyramid, not actually been to Egypt; not see the terracotta figures, not actually been to China. "Thus," the eighth wonder of the world, "the statement spread like wildfire.Size figurinesIn a large number of terracotta warriors and horses unearthed, the warrior commission generally 1.8 meters in height, general figurines are high 1.96 meters. Horses are about 1.7 meters high, the size of their body height not to live a real horse. After the Western Han Ming (Ming) device figurines, the extent of its tall terracotta figures were the following.Arrangement methodTerracotta Horses ride west to east. Sankeng was arranged in a triangle. One figurines found in the first pit, rectangular, 230 meters from east to west, north and south, 62 meters wide, about 5 meters deep, with a total area of 14,260 square meters, surrounded by slopes doorway, right and left sides and have a terracotta pit, now known as 2nd hole and 3rd hole.Terracotta Horses, is the world's largest underground military museum. Figurines pit rational layout, structure, peculiar, about 5 meters in depth Bottom, something every 3 meters to set up a load-bearing walls, terracotta warriors and horses arranged in the gap between the wall over the hole.One pitOne the largest pit, pit 5 meters deep, an area of 14,260 square meters, more than 6,000 pottery pit people, horses, orderly arranged circular square. There are three horizontal pit east of warrior figurines, armed with crossbows class long-range weapons, like the forward troops, followed by 6000 the composition of the body armor figurines troops, armed with spear, halberd, etc. Ge long weapon, with 35 war by Sima 11 vehicles in the road over 38 holes arranged in columns. North and south wings of the guard force. One pit was excavated in the warrior figurines more than 500 pieces, tanks 6 by, driving horses 24, as well as bronze swords, Wu hooks, spears, arrows, crossbow, copper, bronze halberd and other combat weapons and iron with . Eastern end of 210 pit figurines were high with the Tao Wushi figurines, facial expression, clothing style, hair different, all lifelike, realistic shape, arranged in three horizontal teams, each column 70, which in addition to three team leader A wearing off, the rest are Chuanduan brown, legs and tie legging, cable shoe lace, free helmet hairdo, bows arrows collapse, armed with crossbow, like starting the forward troops on standby. Subsequently, the 6000 composition of the body armor figurines troops, all armed with spears about 3 meters, Ge, Ji and other long weapon, with 35 intervals by four horses chariot from east to west over 11 holes, arranged in 38 Road column. North and south sides and ends, each with a warrior figurines, seems to guard, to prevent the side of the tail attacks. The team line-up neat, complete equipment, majestic, magnificent, mighty army when the First Emperor of art reproduction, with a strong artistic appeal. June 13, 2009, Terracotta Warriors dug pit No. Again, after the middle of the north at the first hole, but also unearthed a color figurines.2nd hole2nd hole in the pit at the northeast and east of the 3rd hole, L-shaped square, 96 meters from east to west, north-south width of 84 meters, the total area of approximately 6000 square meters. One pit building and pit the same, but the lineup is more complex, more complete arms are three pits of the most spectacular military array. On the 2nd hole of 1.7 million square meters of built exhibition hall, is currently China's largest and most complete exhibition hall of modern ruins. Long Yuan Zhong Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum, an official explained: "As a result, in order to better protect cultural relics, and secondly, because the entire array of all the military cleared the ground, requiring a minimum 5 to 7 years of effort, so that the advantage of tourists either visit the local style to the 2nd hole, there can be witnessed on the 2nd hole of the excavation work "Terracotta Army Pit II L-shaped flat area of 6,000 square meters, is take the east, by the cavalry, infantry, crossbow Soldiers and tanks mixed grouping of large military array. Crossbowmen figurines can be divided into square, square four horses chariot, car-step, mixing-length square cavalry figurines, figurines square four relatively independent cavalry unit. There are figurines horses more than 1,300, more than 80 vehicles, tanks, and a large metal weapons.According to preliminary projections, the 2nd hole has more than 1,300 pieces of pottery horses figurines, more than 80 vehicles, tanks, tens of thousands of pieces of bronze weapons, including general figurines, pommel horse figurines, kneeling shooting figurines found for the first time. 2nd hole east and west ends have four slopes doorway, there are two slopes north doorway, west of East figurines pit sit, the main entrance in the east. Pit layout is divided into four units.The first unit, figurines pit at the eastern end, surrounded by a vertical corridor 60 Crossbowmen figurines, front center east of the road by eight 160-style knees Crossbowmen figurines composition. Array to array Crossbowmen Zhang's presentation, stand, kneel downs turns shooting, to cover the risk of slow crossbow Zhang.The second unit, figurines pit at the right side of the square formed by the 64 by car (cars wood, leaving only ruins). 8 multiplied by each column, a total of eight. Before driving a car the size of a real horse horses 4. Word of each car arranged warriors 3, for the Royal Rama bridle hand, and the other two cars were left and the right car stand, holding long-handled weapons.The third unit, located in the middle of the 19 tanks, 264 infantry and eight knights figurines figurines composed of a rectangular array, divided into three. Established before each horse a knight figurines, hand pull bridle in one hand and pull the bow for. After each addition to three cars who travel outside, comes with 8 to 36 infantry figurines.The fourth unit, located on the left side of military array, 108 knights and 180 ceramic figurines figurines arranged in 11 horizontal pommel horse team, composed of a rectangular array of cavalry. The first 1,3 as tanks 6. Each horse before, Hu Fu Li a knight figurines, right horse, the left hand bow.On the 3rd hole3rd hole at the first hole 25 meters west, flat concave-shaped area of about 524 square meters, with one on the 2nd hole is an organic whole, like the armed forces for the systems division headquarters, 68 figurines unearthed 1 and 4-horse car. 3rd hole at the first hole 25 meters west. In front of a chariot ride, there are 68 warrior figurines. From 3 hole layout view, seems to headquarters, commander of the left, right, in the armed forces, but not yet built it.Four pit四号 pit with pit without figurines, only backfill soil.From 2 pits to see the layout and the matrix method, on the 2nd hole Zhenshi complex, arms full, is against the backbone. This grouping method is called on the art of war, "a large array of small array package, big business package small business, even down hooks, bending relative." "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "those who ride with the war, divided into three, one is that right, one is left, it is more easily car insurance is more of the ride, while its on the anti-crossbow, "combine the three, to know yourself. The 2nd hole is a theoretical illustration of ancient military strategist. Eight other world wonders in the world two hundred many are people of all countries for their self-proclaimed national monumentLinzhou Red Flag Canal, Guilin, Stone Forest, the Great Wall is considered the eighth wonder of the world!
