据说奥林匹亚的祭师，对菲迪亚斯的杰作非常欣赏，就委任他的子孙负责好好保存宙斯的神像，永享荣华。 宙斯是古希腊神谱系中的第三代神王，他是全能之神，能明察、洞悉世间任何事物和事情，不管是人间还是在神山上，他都是神喻之源，他决定着神灵和人的命运。 宙斯（希腊语：Ζεύς，或Δίας），天神，古希腊神话中最高的神，罗马神话中称朱庇特（拉丁语：Jupiter），为克洛诺斯（Κρόνος）与瑞亚（Ρέα）所生的最小儿子。克罗诺斯通过推翻他的父亲乌拉诺斯获得了最高权力，他得知他会和自己的父亲一样被自己的孩子推翻，于是把他的孩子们吞进肚子。他的妻子瑞亚因为不忍心宙斯也被吞进肚子，于是拿了块石头假装宙斯给他吞下。宙斯长大后，联合兄弟姐妹一起对抗父亲，展开了激烈的斗争。经过十年战争，在祖母大地女神盖亚的帮助下战胜了父亲。宙斯和他的兄弟波塞冬和哈底斯分管天界、海界、冥界。从此宙斯成为掌管宇宙的统治者。木星的拉丁名起源于他。 宙斯与多位女神和女人生下多位子孙，当中有阿波罗和阿尔特弥斯兄妹、狄俄尼索斯、赫拉赫勒斯等。宙斯为了接近女神和女人，可谓无所不用其极，而且他总是偷偷摸摸的，所以总会令赫拉生气。为了不被赫拉知道他的外遇的所在地，他总会以各种不同的方法去阻碍赫拉。宙斯也有一些男性情人，如盖尼米得。 位置：宙斯神殿是古希腊的宗教中心。神殿位于希腊雅典卫城东 南面，依里索斯河畔一处广阔平地的正中央，为古希腊众神之神宙斯掌管的地区；目前这地方尽是一片黄澄澄的丘陵，但是在古希腊时期，四周环绕翠谷和清冽溪 水，景境幽雅，不远处更有一座密林，绿意浓郁，林中小径两旁更是花木扶疏，争奇斗妍，美不胜收，更是当时的宗教中心。在古希腊时代，那地位于雅典城墙外， 到了哈德连帝时代为了扩大雅典城规模，将城墙往外扩展，才把神殿纳入城内。
神像
神殿本身则是采多利克式(Doricorder)建筑。表面铺上灰泥的石灰岩，殿顶则用大理石兴建而成，神殿共由34条高约17公尺的科林斯式(Corinthian)石柱支撑着，面积达41.1公尺x107.75公尺。庙前庙后的石像都是用派洛斯（Paros）岛的大理石雕成。庙内西边人字形檐饰上的很多雕像，十足是雅典的风格。这么建造，天上宙斯大神是否喜欢？据说菲迪亚斯建造雕像时，曾亲到奥林匹斯山问宙斯神，而大神以降下霹雳闪电，打裂神庙铺道作回答。至于神殿主角“宙斯”，采用了所谓‘克里斯里凡亭’（chryselephantine）技术，是在木质支架外加象牙雕成的肌肉和金制的衣饰。宝座也是木底包金，嵌着乌木、宝石和玻璃，历时八年之久才完成。 在旅行家沙尼亚斯巴(Pausanias)的<希腊游记> 一书中，曾对宙斯神像作了详细的描述，书中记载：“宙斯神主体为木制，身体裸露在外的部份贴上象牙，衣服则覆以黄金。头顶戴着橄榄枝编织的皇冠，右手握着 象牙及黄金制成的胜利女神像，左手则拿着一把镶有各种金属打造的权杖，杖顶停留着一只鹫”。至于他的宝座，神像头上与头后，雕著“典雅三女神”和“季节三 女神”（春、夏、冬）雕像；腿和脚饰有舞动中的胜利女神与人头狮身史芬克斯，希腊其他诸神装饰，底部宽6.55公尺、高1公尺，而神像约高13公尺，相当于四层楼高的现代建筑。神像身后挂着由耶路撒冷神庙劫掠得来的神圣布幔。菲迪亚斯更精密地规划四周变化，包括由神庙大门射向雕像的光线，为了令神像的脸容更为美丽光亮，更于神像前建造一座极大而浅，里面镶了黑色大理石的橄榄油池，利用橄榄油将光线反射。矗立期间更有工人前来擦拭象牙，称为“菲迪亚斯抛光工人”。 宙斯像的构成材料，年代背景以及装饰用的雕像，都能详细说明，但是菲迪亚斯的 作品风格却很难确定。根据古代文献记载，菲迪亚斯雕塑神像的技术达到巅峰，能使神像具有高不可攀的庄严气概。特别是宙斯像，能够在普通的宗教形象外，增添 了独特的性格。为了要找出这句话的真正涵义（菲迪亚斯神像雕塑的原作至今已全部遗失），多年来，专家学者曾对菲迪亚斯神像的复制品作过个别研究，希望能找 出其中共同的特点。他们特别注意雅典巴特农神殿的装饰雕像，据说菲迪亚斯曾经负责监制这些雕像。当然，现在很难断定，菲迪亚斯曾亲手雕过哪一件雌像﹔因为他既要担任监制工作，而且要负责雕塑神殿内的阿西娜巨像，一定非常忙碌，不过，很可能所有雕像的设计和全部风格都由菲迪亚斯一人决定。最接近菲迪亚斯风格的作品，可能是庙内东边横饰带上的神像，只是规模不同而巳。这些神像，在早期的严肃风格与后期轻松及精巧的风格之间，取得巧妙的平衡。历史
宙斯神殿是希腊的宗教中 心，由城邦和平民送来的祭品种类很多。几百年来，一直在露天神坛叩拜宙斯。神坛据说是用献给宙斯的各种祭品的灰烬造的。宙斯神殿建于公元前470年，公元 前五世纪由当地建筑师伊利斯人李班（Libon of Elis）监建一座宏伟的庙宇，作为宙斯神殿，并于公元前456年完成，庙前庙后的石像都是用派洛斯（Paros）岛的大理石雕成，宙斯神像则由雕刻家菲迪亚斯(Phidias)负责。 庙内西边人字形檐饰上的很多雕像，十足是雅典的风格。当时是为了神殿需要雅典式的雕像，抑或由于菲迪亚斯的声誉远播，建筑庙宇的人特别请他到奥林匹亚担任雕刻工作，现在无从查考。 有一说法是，菲迪亚斯在雕塑巴特农神殿的阿西娜巨像时，被指控盗用宝贵材料，遭受贬黜，离开故乡雅典过放逐生活，终老奥林匹亚。这说法唯一可信之处就是菲迪亚斯与当时名政治家培理克里斯（Pericles）是朋友，对他的名誉采取的任何打击行动，都会对培里克里斯有不利的影响，所以菲迪亚斯开始逃亡。 在奥林匹亚所进行的现代发掘工作，最早的一次是在一八二九年由法国考察队主持。历时六星期。使近代人士对奥林匹亚有更多了解的，则是德国的 考察队。他们从一八七五年开始，差不多一直没有间断地发掘，虽然找出了宙斯神殿以及装饰用的雕像，并且局部恢复了宙斯神殿原来的形状，但始终没有发现宙斯 神像本身的踪迹。然而，在一九五四至一九五八年间，考古学家进行一连串令人兴奋的发掘工作，在距离宙斯神殿不远的地方，挖出菲迪亚斯工作地方的遗址，形状 大小与神殿的主室相同。菲迪亚斯可以在这种类似神殿的环境中，雕塑宙斯像而不致妨碍神殿的工作。菲迪亚斯必定在雅典挑选了一批工作人手，带到奥林匹亚。在 他的工场遗址上发现很多公元前435年制造的雅典陶器（菲迪亚斯完成宙斯像后，于公元前432年去世），还有象牙、玻璃、金匠工具，以及赤陶模型的碎片， 看来是供制造神像部分衣饰之用。出土的陶器当中，有一个残破不全的杯子，杯子有刻工精细的文字﹕“我属于菲迪亚斯”。 神像昂然地接受人们崇拜达九百多年，但最后基督教结束一切。公元393年，罗马皇帝都路(Theodsius)一世，毅然颁发止竞技的敕令，古代奥林匹克竞技大会也是在这一年终止。接着，公元426年，又颁发了异教神庙破坏令，于是宙斯神像就遭到破坏，菲迪斯亚的工作室亦被改为教堂，古希腊从此灰飞烟灭；神庙内倾颓的石柱更在公元522年及551年的地震中震垮，石材被拆，改建成抵御蛮族侵略的堡垒，随后奥林匹亚地区经常发生洪水泛滥，整个城市埋没在很厚的淤泥下。所幸的是，神像在这之前已被运往君士坦丁堡(Constantinople)（现称伊斯坦堡），被路易西收藏于宫殿内达60年之久，可惜最后亦毁于城市暴动中。影响
虽然宙斯神像已消失于世上，但他却以另一方式至今犹存，伟大的宙斯脸孔了变成东正教的全能基督像。在伊斯坦堡科拉的圣方济各小教堂内，顶端宝座上坐着的就是化为基督的奥林亚宙斯神。这尊异教神祗究竟如何转化为代表基督形像？考古学家估计有几种原因，第一，奥林匹亚神像本身就是极其完美的奇观；第二，神像代表最高神性几乎已达千年之久..。Zeus (Zeus) the Greek god of gods, is the Olympia (Olympia) Lord God, worship and the table is when the statue of Zeus built the world's largest indoor statue, Statue of Zeus Temple of Zeus, where is the birthplace of the Olympic Games. Philo of Byzantium written account of the seven wonders of the world, said: "We are proud of the other six wonders, and the fear of Zeus statue."Olympia said the priest, to appreciate the masterpieces of Phidias, is responsible for the appointment of his sons a good save the statues of Zeus, enjoy a lasting glory. Zeus is the Greek god spectrum of the third generation of Gods, He is the Almighty God, to see the truth behind, insight into the world everything and things, whether human or in the mountain, he is God metaphor of the source, he decided the gods and human fate. Zeus (Greek: Ζεύς, or Δίας), gods, ancient Greek mythology, the highest god in Roman mythology, said Jupiter (Latin: Jupiter), as Cronus (Κρόνος) and Rhea (Ρέα) the born youngest son. Kronos by overthrowing his father Uranus to obtain the highest power, he learned that he and his father was overthrown their children, so his children swallowed. His wife, Rhea, Zeus also because they do not have the heart to be swallowed, then took a stone for him to pretend to swallow Zeus. Zeus grew up, combined with the brothers and sisters against his father, engaged in a fierce struggle. After decades of war, the earth goddess Gaia in her grandmother's help to overcome his father. Zeus and his brothers Poseidon and Ha at the end of Sri Lanka in charge of heaven, sea world, the Underworld. Since then Zeus became the ruler in charge of the universe. Jupiter's Latin name derived from him. Zeus and the goddess and the woman gave birth to many many descendants, among them brother and sister of Apollo and Artemis, Dionysus, Hela He Naples and so on. Zeus to the goddess and woman close, indeed to do anything, and he always sneaky, so always make Hera angry. Not to be Hera know the location of his affair, he would order a variety of different ways to obstruct Hera. There are also some male lover Zeus, as Ganymede. Location: Temple of Zeus was the religious center of ancient Greece. Temple is located in the south east of Greece, Athens, according to Li Suosi River the center of a vast plain, the ancient Greek gods Zeus, the god in charge of the region; now this place is full of a glistening yellow hills, but in ancient Greece, Valley and surrounded by chilly streams, elegant King territory, not far from a more dense, rich green, forest trails on both sides is the flowers and trees, Zheng-qi Dou Yan, beautiful, it is the religious center. In ancient Greece, it is located outside the walls of Athens, to the era of Emperor Hadrian in order to expand the scale of the city of Athens, the walls extend out, only then the Temple into the city.StatueTemple itself is taken Duo Like type (Doricorder) building. Surface covered with limestone plaster, marble building Dianding is made by the 34 temples were about 17 meters high Corinthian-style (Corinthian) columns supporting an area of 41.1 m x107.75 meters. The stone temple Miaohou are used to send Ross (Paros) marble island. Chevron eaves decorated temple on the west, many statues, Athens is full of style. Such a construction, the god Zeus in heaven is like? When the construction of the statue is said to Phidias, sent an open question to Mount Olympus God Zeus, the god of the lowered thunderbolt and lightning, cracked temple paved road to answer. The protagonist of the Temple "Zeus", using the so-called 'Pavilion where Kerry Sri' (chryselephantine) technology is applied in the wooden frame carved ivory and gold clothing muscles. Wood at the end of the throne is gold, inlaid ebony, precious stones and glass, which took eight years to complete. The traveler (Pausanias) of <Greece travel> a book, statue of Zeus had made a detailed description of the book reads: "God Zeus as the main wooden, labeled parts of the body exposed ivory, clothes are covered with gold. head wearing a crown of olive branches woven, made of the right hand holding the ivory and gold like the goddess of victory, the left hand is holding a scepter inlaid with various metals to build, with a stick to stay top only the eagle. " As for his throne, after the statue's head and head, carved a "Classic Triple Goddess" and "season three goddesses" (spring, summer, winter) statue; legs and feet decorated with dancing goddess of victory in the history of fun with the sphinx Alex, the other Greek gods decorate the bottom width of 6.55 meters, 1 meter high, and statues of about 13 meters high, the equivalent of four-storey modern building. Hanging from the statue behind the temple of Jerusalem was to plunder the sacred curtain. Phidias four weeks more sophisticated planning changes, including the statue by the temple gate fired at the light, in order to make more beautiful statues Lianrong bright, even on the statue before the construction of a great and light, inside a black marble inlay olive oil pool, the use of olive oil to light reflection. During the more workers to come to wipe standing ivory, known as the "Phidias polishing workers." Zeus as the composition of the material,'s background and decorative statues are elaborate, but Phidias's work style is difficult to determine. According to ancient literature, sculpture, statues of Phidias technology has reached the peak, make the statue with the solemn spirit of reach. Especially like Zeus, to the ordinary religious image, add a unique character. To find out the true meaning of this sentence (Phidias sculpture statues have been lost since the original), over the years, experts had Phidias made a statue replica of individual research, hoping to find out common characteristics. They pay particular attention to the Parthenon in Athens, decorative statue, Phidias is said to have been responsible for the supervision of the statue. Of course, it is difficult to determine, Phidias had carved over which a female personally like; because he wants to work as a producer, but also responsible for the sculpture, the Temple of Athena statues, must be very busy, but it is likely that all All design and style of the statue by Phidias one decision. Closest to the works of Phidias style may be the temple statues on the east side of horizontal ribbons, just different sizes Ersi. These statues, in the style of the early and late serious and sophisticated style easily between the delicate balance achieved.HistoryTemple of Zeus in Greek religious center, and civilians from the city sent many different types of offerings. For centuries, has bowed down in the open-air altar of Zeus. Altar dedicated to Zeus is said to use a variety of offerings made of ashes. Temple of Zeus was built in 470 BC, the fifth century BC, Elis by a local architect who Lepanto (Libon of Elis) monitor built a magnificent temple, as the Temple of Zeus, and was completed in 456 BC, the temple Miaohou The stone is used to send Ross (Paros) marble island, statue of Zeus by the sculptor Phidias (Phidias) is responsible. Chevron eaves decorated temple on the west, many statues, Athens is full of style. Athens was required to temple style statue, or as Phidias's reputation spread far and wide, building temples of Olympia were specifically invited him to work as a sculpture, now go undiscovered. One argument is that Phidias in the Parthenon sculptures of Athena statues, he was accused of theft of valuable materials, being Bianchu, Athens had to leave the home life of exile, his home in Olympia. This argument is only plausible place name politicians Phidias and training manager at Chris (Pericles) is a friend of his reputation to take any enforcement actions, will have an adverse impact on so the Philippines Diaz began to flee. In Olympia modern excavations carried out, the first time in 1829 presided over by the French expedition. Lasted six weeks. So that modern people have more understanding of Olympia, is a German expedition. They started from 1875, almost always without interruption to explore, although to find the Temple of Zeus and decorative statues, and the local Temple of Zeus restored the original shape, but has not found traces of Zeus statue itself. However, in 1954-1958, the archaeologists discovered a series of exciting work in a place not far from the Temple of Zeus, dug up the site where the work of Phidias, shape, size and temple the same main room. Phidias in such an environment similar to the temple, sculpture Temple of Zeus as the work without prejudice. Phidias in Athens will pick a number the number of staff to the Olympia. In his workshop on the site found a lot of 435 BC, Athens was made pottery (like Zeus Phidias completed after his death in 432 BC), as well as ivory, glass, goldsmith tools, and fragments of terracotta model , appears to be making statues for some clothing purposes. Among the unearthed pottery, a broken failure of the cup, the cup has carving fine words: "I belong to Phidias." The worship of idols proudly accept up to 900 years, but in the end the end of all Christianity. AD 393, Roman emperor are road (Theodsius) I, decided to issue the decree only competitive, but also in the ancient Olympic Athletic Conference this year end. Then, in AD 426, and issued orders destruction of pagan temples, so the destruction of statues of Zeus, Ferdinand's studio was also changed to Addis church, ashes from ancient Greece; temple pillars within the left leaning more in the AD 522 and 551-year earthquake toppled, stone removed, turned into a fortress against the barbarian invasion, followed by frequent flooding in the Olympia area, the city buried under the thick mud. Fortunately, before this statue was shipped to Constantinople (Constantinople) (now known as Istanbul), was Lousi collection in the palace for 60 years, but unfortunately the last riots in the city also was destroyed.AffectAlthough the statue of Zeus in the world has disappeared, but he has still exist in another way, the great Zeus face of Christ to become all-powerful Orthodox Church. In the St. Francis chapel, the top is sitting on the throne of Christ into a god Zeus Aolin Ya. This respect for pagan gods into how the image of Christ on behalf of? Archaeologists estimate there are several reasons, first, Olympia statue itself is extremely perfect spectacle; second, the highest divinity statue on behalf of thousands of years .. almost reached.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar